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Health and Medical History of President Franklin RooseveltPresident #32: 1933-1945
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"He has a great and terrible job to do, and he's got to do it, even if it kills him." -- Francis Perkins 1a |
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This style... | ... means the event occurred while President. |
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![]() polio |
A severe attack of poliomyelitis in 1921 resulted in total paralysis of both legs to the hips.
FDR was 39 years old in 1921
2
MORE.
Eleanor Roosevelt thought FDR's polio was "a turning point" that "proved a blessing
in disguise; for it gave him strength and courage he had not had before"
3a.
Comment:
FDR's polio led him to lavishly fund polio research which, in turn, led to the vaccine
4
and, some say, to modern molecular biology. [McKusick in Lincoln article]
As President,
Roosevelt's train journeys were limited to 35 miles per hour to minimize his discomfort from
the vibration of the car
5.
(Perhaps his muscles were weak to the point they couldn't buffer the impact, or they were so
wasted that he had no cushion.)
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![]() alcohol intake? |
how much did he drink?
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![]() snored |
Reliability of this information is uncertain.
6
In light of his polio history, however, it would not be surprising.
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![]() hypertension |
FDR was diagnosed as having systolic hypertension in 1937. Diastolic hypertension was first
diagnosed in 1941.
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![]() ![]() anemia from hemorrhoids |
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![]() ![]() melanoma? |
Two independent lines of evidence suggest FDR had a malignant melanoma excised while in the
White House
7:
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![]() GI problem |
During the night of November 28, 1943 FDR had an "acute digestive attack." He was
attending the Tehran conference at the time. It must have been a serious event, since there
were ill-founded rumors he had been poisoned.
By January 1944 his doctors thought this had
been an episode of the flu. (I have not read an account of the episode, but one wonders whether
it could have been an attack of cholescystitis or an embolic event. FDR had left ventricular
enlargement when first examined by a cardiologist in March 1944.)
One of FDR's close friends
dates the president's physical decline from this event.
8
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![]() ![]() hypertensive cardiomyopathy |
In January 1944 FDR began complaining of headaches in the evening. "He seemed strangely
tired, even in the morning hours; he occasionally nodded off during a conversation; once, he
blacked out half-way through signing his name to a letter, leaving a long scrawl"
8.
FDR was referred to
Dr. Howard Bruenn,
a cardiologist at Bethesda Naval Hospital who, on March 27, 1944 found him cyanotic, breathless,
with an enlarged left ventricle and a blood pressure of 186/108. Bruenn diagnosed hypertensive
heart disease and wanted to give digitalis, but was prohibited by
Dr. Ross McIntire,
the president's personal physician and then surgeon-general of the U.S. Navy.
The next day, FDR developed moist rales at the base of the right lung. During a press conference
that day, FDR was asked about his physical condition and answered, "I got bronchitis."
By March 30 crackles were present at the base of both lungs. Bruenn diagnosed congestive heart
failure, but it was not until the next day, after FDR was examined by civilian consultants,
that digitalis was begun. FDR would continue the digitalis for the rest of his life.
By April 3, FDR was better. His color was better, he could lie flat without dyspnea, and
the crackles disappeared from both lungs. His blood pressure, however, was 210/110.
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![]() minor ails |
At a press conference on February 4, 1944, FDR said that he had had a sebaceous cyst excised
from the back of his head at Bethesda Naval Hospital.
8
(Could this event have been related to the pigmented lesion above the left eye?)
Dr. McIntire claimed, in a press conference after FDR's death, that the president had undergone
only one surgical procedure during the time he was in the White House: removal of an abscessed
tooth.
8
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![]() cosmetic surgery? |
A reader has raised the possibility that President and Mrs. Roosevelt had cosmetic surgery
during Roosevelt's presidency. For now, this should be considered as a topic to be investigated,
rather than an established fact.
MORE
Of possible relevance is the disappearance of the pigmented lesion above FDR's left eye in
1940-1944 (see above).
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![]() cholecystitis |
While resting at the South Carolina retreat of Bernard Baruch, FDR developed severe abdominal
pains on April 28, 1944, diagnosed as acute cholescyctitis. He was treated with parenteral
codeine. The pain subsided by May 1, but recurred the next day. He was again treated with codeine,
and after two days became asymptomatic.
FDR returned to Washington and had a cholecystogram
on May 26. Dr. McIntire, an otolaryngologist, interpreted it as a normal study. Dr. Bruenn,
a cardiologist, said it showed a well-functioning gallbladder, but had evidence of a group
of cholesterol stones. Bruenn, therefore, put FDR on a low-fat diet. Oddly, no surgeon was
asked to review the study.
8
In the summer of 1944 FDR had an episode of severe abdominal pain while with his son. "Suddenly
[FDR] began to groan, his face took an expression of suffering. [FDR said:] `Jimmy, I don't
know if I can make it; I have a horrible pain.'" The president refused to allow his son
to notify the proper authorities, fearing it would create unnecessary alarm and jeopardize
his chances for re-election.
8
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![]() weight loss |
FDR was initially pleased by the loss of weight that occurred on Bruenn's low fat diet. He
was at his normal wieight, 188 lbs, in June 1944. By the November 1944 election he was underweight:
165 pounds. His low fat diet was stopped, and egg nog supplements begun. The digitalis was
also stopped. FDR's anorexia persisted, however, so it was re-started. FDR lost a bit more
weight, so the digitalis was again stopped temporarily in March 1945 to see if FDR's appetite
would improve -- it did not.
8
(Other causes of wieght loss to consider are cardiac cachexia and malignancy, as discussed
above.)
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![]() ![]() angina during speech? |
While campaigning for his fourth term in August 1944, FDR gave a speech at the Puget Sound
Naval Base in Bremerton, Washington. For about the previous year, he had delivered speeches
from the sitting position because of his polio-weakened legs. On this occasion FDR decided
to speak standing up, to dispel rumors of failing health.
Unfortunately, in the year since
he had last used his leg braces, FDR had lost considerable weight. As a result, his braces
no longer fitted him and gave him little or no support at the podium. FDR compensated by using
his arms for support, but this required a tremendous amount of arm effort. By the time the
35-minute speech ended, FDR was having severe substernal pain, radiating to both shoulders.
It was feared the president had sustained a myocardial infarction.
8
An electrocardiogram and white blood cell count, made within an hour of the event, showed "No
unusual abnormalities."
2
(Based on the timing of the event and the EKG, the possibility of an anginal attack cannot
be eliminated. Of course, it could also have been purely musculoskeletal in origin. The account
of the episode differs between Goldsmith
8
and Bruenn
2
-- Goldsmith's is more dramatic.)
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![]() clubbing |
There is a photograph in the Roosevelt library that was taken the day before FDR died. It clearly
shows clubbing in the fingers of his right hand. The left hand is not well seen.
Comment:
Clubbing refers to a particular shape of the fingernails and the most distal part of the finger
itself. (Toes can also be clubbed.) Sometimes benign, clubbing is usually associated with a
chronic disease, for example, cancer, lung disease, or liver disease. It can be seen in heart
failure, but is more classically associated with cyanotic heart disease. Hippocrates describes
clubbing in his writings (ca. 400 BC).
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![]() ![]() ![]() hemorrhage |
"I have a terrific pain in the back of my head."
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![]() cover-up? |
The nation was stunned when FDR died unexpectedly on April 12, 1945 -- less than six months
after being elected to a fourth term in office. The death was unexpected because the president's
personal physician, VADM Ross McIntire, whenever asked, had proclaimed that FDR's health was
excellent. McIntire, an otolaryngologist and then surgeon-general of the U.S. Navy, must have
known FDR was gravely ill -- FDR's physical decay was plainly evident even to non-physicians
in the final months
8.
FDR must have known, too,
MORE
and the FBI was interested in who among the public knew about his condition at the time of
the November 1944 election.
MORE
Given his ill health, why did FDR run for a fourth term? FDR told his son he felt compelled to run because he had "to maintain a continuity of command in a time of continuing crisis" 8. World War II was, after all, still raging in 1944. Was FDR justified in this decision? If McIntire was an accomplice in the deception, was he acting for a greater good? Today, no one can precisely say how much McIntire knew and when he knew it. FDR's medical record, which was kept in a safe at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland, has been missing since the president's death. VADM McIntire was one of three people with access to the safe. 8 |
![]() embalming |
Roosevelt's arteries were so atherosclerotic that embalmers could not get a needle into them.
9
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a p.103. Occurring on Jan. 20, 1945, the full conversational exchange is: Widow of Woodrow Wilson: "He looks exactly as my husband did when he went into his decline." Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins: "Don't say that to another soul. He has a great and terrible job to do, and he's got to do it, even if it kills him."
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a p.198
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![]() | Comment: As reviewed in New Engl J Med. 2005;352:1055-1056. |
![]() | Comment: Credibility is dubious. Just before a list of Presidents, the article states: "Twenty of the 32 Presidents ... are proved or believed on a thick web of circumstance to have been nocturnal nuisances in the White House." |
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a p.323 b pp.411, 495 c p.498 d p.496
Comment: Maps -- in great detail -- the ancestors and descendants of American presidents through Ronald Reagan. They would have had an exhausting time with President Obama's family tree! MORE
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a p.449 b p.457
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